SECURITY COUNCIL LISTING PROCEDURES AND HUMAN RIGHTS
Palabras clave:
Targeted sanctions, United Nations, Security Council, human rights, domestic courts, European Union, Kadi
Resumen
In the context of international efforts to curtail terrorism, the present paper analyses the powers of the Security Council to institute targeted sanctions against individuals and their compatibility with human rights in international and EU law. It will address the response of the European judiciary in the landmark Kadi cases to illustrate how these measures have been interpreted and applied at the municipal level. It is shown that judges use different criteria to balance compliance with international obligations on the one hand, and human rights principles on the other. The Security Council has progressively become more transparent by offering certain room for review within listing mechanisms and by creating a procedure to remove individuals from its consolidated lists. However, the paper highlights the tensions in domestic and regional human rights regimes stemming from the Security Council’s quasi-legislative and quasi-judicial roles.
Citas
Bibliography
1. Index of Authorities
J. Alvarez, ‘Hegemonic International Law Revisited’, 97 American Journal of International
Law (2003) 873-87.
A. Bianchi (ed), Enforcing International Law Norms against Terrorism, Hart Publishing,
Oxford and Portland (2004).
A. Bianchi, ‘Assessing the Effectiveness of the UN Security Council’s Anti-terrorism
Measures: The Quest for Legitimacy and Cohesion’, 17 European Journal of
International Law (2006) 881-919.
D. Dyzenhaus, ‘The Rule of (Administrative) Law in International Law’, 68 Law and
Contemporary Problems (2005) 127-66.
J.A. Frowein, ‘Introduction to Chapter VII’, in B. Simma (ed), The Charter of the United
Nations, (2002) Oxford, Oxford University Press.
I. Johnstone, ‘The UN Security Council, Counterterrorism and Human Rights’ in A. Bianchi,
A. Keller (eds), Counterterrorism: Democracy’s Challenge, Oxford, Hart (2008) 335-
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L. G. Radicati di Brozolo and M. Megaliani, ‘Freezing the Assets of International Terrorist
Organizations’ in A. Bianchi (ed), Enforcing International Law Norms against
Terrorism, Oxford, Hart (2004) 377-413.
P. Szasz, ‘The Security Council Starts Legislating’, 96 American Journal of International
Law 96 (2002) 901-4.
United Nations Documents
Charter of the United Nations, 892 UNTS 119, 26 June 1945.
Security Council
S/RES/687 (1991) of 3 April 1991.
S/RES/713 (1991) of 25 September 1991.
S/RES/733 (1992) of 23 January 1992.
S/RES/748 (1992) of 31 March 1992.
S/RES/788 (1992) of 19 November 1992.
S/RES/794 (1992) of 3 December 1992.
S/RES/883 (1993) of 11 November 1993.
S/RES/914 (1994) of 27 April 1994.
S/RES/917 (1994) of 6 May 1994.
S/RES/1132 (1997) of 8 October 1997.
S/RES/1214 (1998) of 8 December 1998.
S/RES/1267 (1999) of 15 October 1999.
S/RES/1333 (2000) of 19 December 2000.
S/RES/1373 (2001) of 28 September 2001.
S/RES/1390 (2002) of 28 January 2002.
S/RES/1452 (2002) of 20 December 2002.
S/RES/1456 (2003) of 20 January 2003.
S/RES/1535 (2004) of 26 March 2004.
S/RES/1822 (2008) of 30 June 2008.
Economic and Social Council
Report of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and
fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism, Commission on Human Rights,
UN Doc. E/CN.4/2006/98, 28 December 2005.
Reports of the Secretary General
Proposal for the Revitalization of the Counter Terrorism Committee, Annex to UN Doc.
S/2004/124,19 February 2004.
Fourth report of the Analytical Support and Sanctions Monitoring Team appointed pursuant
to Security Council resolutions 1526 (2004) and 1617 (2005) concerning Al-Qaida
and the Taliban and associated individuals and entities, Annex to UN Doc.
S/2006/154, 10 March 2006.
International Law Commission
Martti Koskenniemi, Conclusions of the work of the Study Group on the Fragmentation of
International Law: Difficulties arising from the Diversification and Expansion of
International Law, Yearbook of the International Law Commission (2006), Vol. II
Part Two..
Human Rights Committee
Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties under Article 40 of the Covenant on
Civil and Political Rights, Human Rights Committee, UN Doc. CCPR /C/79/Add.93
(1998), 18 August 1998.
Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties under Article 40 of the Covenant on
Civil and Political Rights, Human Rights Committee UN Doc. CCPR/CO/71/SYR
(2001), 24 April 2001.
General Comment No. 29, States of Emergency (Article 4), Human Rights Committee, UN
Doc. CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.11 (2001), 31 August 2001.
Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties under Article 40 of the Covenant on
Civil and Political Rights, Human Rights Committee, UN Doc. CCPR/CO/76/EGY
(2002), 28 November 2002.
Online Information
Consolidated List, website of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to
resolution 1267 (1999), available at
http://www.un.org/sc/committees/1267/consolist.shtml, last visited on 5 July 2013.
Guidelines of the Security Council Committee Pursuant to Resolutions 1267 (1999) and
1989 (2011) Concerning Al-Quaida and Associated Individuals and Entities,
available at http://www.un.org/sc/committees/1267/pdf/1267_guidelines.pdf, last
visited on 5 July 2013.
Narrative Summaries of Reasons for Listing, website of the Security Council 1267/1989
Committee, available at http://www.un.org/sc/committees/1267/NSTIH601E.shtml,
last visited on 5 July 2013.
Statistics Relating to the Focal Point for De-listing established pursuant to Security
Council Resolution 1730 (2006), available at
http://www.un.org/sc/committees/dfp.shtml, last visited on 5 July 2013.
European Court of Human Rights
Eckle v Germany, ECHR, 1982, Series A, No. 51 5 EHRR, 1983.
Zollmann v United Kingdom, European Court of Human Rights, decision on admissibility of
27 November 2003.
European Communities Court of First Instance
Yassin Abdullah Kadi v. Council and Commission, Court of First Instance of the European
Communities, Judgment of 21 September 2005, Case T-315/01.
European Court of Justice
Yassin Abdullah Kadi v. Council and Commission, ECJ, Judgment of 3 September 2008.
International Conventions
Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, 4 November
1950, CETS No. 005.
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 16 December 1966, 999 UNTS 171.
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 16 December 1966, 993
UNTS 3.
Other Documents
Expert Seminar on Targeting UN Financial Sanctions, Interlaken, Switzerland, March
1998.
Report on the Interlaken Expert Seminar on Targeting UN Financial Sanctions (1998),
available at
http://www.seco.admin.ch/themen/00513/00620/00639/00641/index.html?lang=en,
last accessed on 5 July 2013.
Report on the 2nd Interlaken Seminar on Targeting UN Financial Sanctions (1999)
available at
http://www.seco.admin.ch/themen/00513/00620/00639/00641/index.html?lang=en,
last accessed on 5 July 2013.
1. Index of Authorities
J. Alvarez, ‘Hegemonic International Law Revisited’, 97 American Journal of International
Law (2003) 873-87.
A. Bianchi (ed), Enforcing International Law Norms against Terrorism, Hart Publishing,
Oxford and Portland (2004).
A. Bianchi, ‘Assessing the Effectiveness of the UN Security Council’s Anti-terrorism
Measures: The Quest for Legitimacy and Cohesion’, 17 European Journal of
International Law (2006) 881-919.
D. Dyzenhaus, ‘The Rule of (Administrative) Law in International Law’, 68 Law and
Contemporary Problems (2005) 127-66.
J.A. Frowein, ‘Introduction to Chapter VII’, in B. Simma (ed), The Charter of the United
Nations, (2002) Oxford, Oxford University Press.
I. Johnstone, ‘The UN Security Council, Counterterrorism and Human Rights’ in A. Bianchi,
A. Keller (eds), Counterterrorism: Democracy’s Challenge, Oxford, Hart (2008) 335-
53.
L. G. Radicati di Brozolo and M. Megaliani, ‘Freezing the Assets of International Terrorist
Organizations’ in A. Bianchi (ed), Enforcing International Law Norms against
Terrorism, Oxford, Hart (2004) 377-413.
P. Szasz, ‘The Security Council Starts Legislating’, 96 American Journal of International
Law 96 (2002) 901-4.
United Nations Documents
Charter of the United Nations, 892 UNTS 119, 26 June 1945.
Security Council
S/RES/687 (1991) of 3 April 1991.
S/RES/713 (1991) of 25 September 1991.
S/RES/733 (1992) of 23 January 1992.
S/RES/748 (1992) of 31 March 1992.
S/RES/788 (1992) of 19 November 1992.
S/RES/794 (1992) of 3 December 1992.
S/RES/883 (1993) of 11 November 1993.
S/RES/914 (1994) of 27 April 1994.
S/RES/917 (1994) of 6 May 1994.
S/RES/1132 (1997) of 8 October 1997.
S/RES/1214 (1998) of 8 December 1998.
S/RES/1267 (1999) of 15 October 1999.
S/RES/1333 (2000) of 19 December 2000.
S/RES/1373 (2001) of 28 September 2001.
S/RES/1390 (2002) of 28 January 2002.
S/RES/1452 (2002) of 20 December 2002.
S/RES/1456 (2003) of 20 January 2003.
S/RES/1535 (2004) of 26 March 2004.
S/RES/1822 (2008) of 30 June 2008.
Economic and Social Council
Report of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and
fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism, Commission on Human Rights,
UN Doc. E/CN.4/2006/98, 28 December 2005.
Reports of the Secretary General
Proposal for the Revitalization of the Counter Terrorism Committee, Annex to UN Doc.
S/2004/124,19 February 2004.
Fourth report of the Analytical Support and Sanctions Monitoring Team appointed pursuant
to Security Council resolutions 1526 (2004) and 1617 (2005) concerning Al-Qaida
and the Taliban and associated individuals and entities, Annex to UN Doc.
S/2006/154, 10 March 2006.
International Law Commission
Martti Koskenniemi, Conclusions of the work of the Study Group on the Fragmentation of
International Law: Difficulties arising from the Diversification and Expansion of
International Law, Yearbook of the International Law Commission (2006), Vol. II
Part Two..
Human Rights Committee
Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties under Article 40 of the Covenant on
Civil and Political Rights, Human Rights Committee, UN Doc. CCPR /C/79/Add.93
(1998), 18 August 1998.
Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties under Article 40 of the Covenant on
Civil and Political Rights, Human Rights Committee UN Doc. CCPR/CO/71/SYR
(2001), 24 April 2001.
General Comment No. 29, States of Emergency (Article 4), Human Rights Committee, UN
Doc. CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.11 (2001), 31 August 2001.
Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties under Article 40 of the Covenant on
Civil and Political Rights, Human Rights Committee, UN Doc. CCPR/CO/76/EGY
(2002), 28 November 2002.
Online Information
Consolidated List, website of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to
resolution 1267 (1999), available at
http://www.un.org/sc/committees/1267/consolist.shtml, last visited on 5 July 2013.
Guidelines of the Security Council Committee Pursuant to Resolutions 1267 (1999) and
1989 (2011) Concerning Al-Quaida and Associated Individuals and Entities,
available at http://www.un.org/sc/committees/1267/pdf/1267_guidelines.pdf, last
visited on 5 July 2013.
Narrative Summaries of Reasons for Listing, website of the Security Council 1267/1989
Committee, available at http://www.un.org/sc/committees/1267/NSTIH601E.shtml,
last visited on 5 July 2013.
Statistics Relating to the Focal Point for De-listing established pursuant to Security
Council Resolution 1730 (2006), available at
http://www.un.org/sc/committees/dfp.shtml, last visited on 5 July 2013.
European Court of Human Rights
Eckle v Germany, ECHR, 1982, Series A, No. 51 5 EHRR, 1983.
Zollmann v United Kingdom, European Court of Human Rights, decision on admissibility of
27 November 2003.
European Communities Court of First Instance
Yassin Abdullah Kadi v. Council and Commission, Court of First Instance of the European
Communities, Judgment of 21 September 2005, Case T-315/01.
European Court of Justice
Yassin Abdullah Kadi v. Council and Commission, ECJ, Judgment of 3 September 2008.
International Conventions
Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, 4 November
1950, CETS No. 005.
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 16 December 1966, 999 UNTS 171.
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 16 December 1966, 993
UNTS 3.
Other Documents
Expert Seminar on Targeting UN Financial Sanctions, Interlaken, Switzerland, March
1998.
Report on the Interlaken Expert Seminar on Targeting UN Financial Sanctions (1998),
available at
http://www.seco.admin.ch/themen/00513/00620/00639/00641/index.html?lang=en,
last accessed on 5 July 2013.
Report on the 2nd Interlaken Seminar on Targeting UN Financial Sanctions (1999)
available at
http://www.seco.admin.ch/themen/00513/00620/00639/00641/index.html?lang=en,
last accessed on 5 July 2013.
